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After an initial slow diffusion of minimal invasive approaches in liver surgery, laparoscopy has now been implemented worldwide. This process has been sped up after several papers showed the superiority of laparoscopy over the open approach with regard to short-term outcomes. Before, the adaptation and diffusion of LLS was much slower compared to other general surgical specialties. The challenge in controlling major hemorrhage, the risk of gas embolism, the steepness of the learning curve and the uncertainty about oncological outcomes were barriers for the implementation of LLS. Nowadays, laparoscopic liver resections (LLR) are considered safe and feasible. The same evolution is seen in the diffusion of robotic liver surgery (RLS). The first reported robotic liver resection was published in 2003. Introduction of RLS has remained very slow compared to other subspecialties. This could be attributed to the complexity of minimally invasive liver surgery and the steep learning curve to overcome. Furthermore, the absence of instruments for parenchyma transection appeared to be a barrier for many surgeons to start RLS. Nowadays, Robotic liver surgery is in it's pioneering phase and limited to a few high volume centers. Furthermore data regarding the implementation of RLS are still scarce and the reproducibility of the implementation is still debated. This textbook will offer readers a useful overview of RLS state of the art, collecting the contributions of renowned robotic liver surgeons from Europe, Asia and the Americas. The editors will collaborate with a professional medical illustrator specialized in minimal invasive liver surgery to offer readers a visual experience of the most important surgical steps.
Pages i-xi
Front Matter
Pages 1-1
Minimally Invasive Liver Surgery: Where Are We Now?
Pages 3-14
History and Worldwide Diffusion of Robotic Liver Surgery
Pages 15-22
Front Matter
Pages 23-23
Robotic Systems, Equipment, Instrumentation, and Troubleshooting
Pages 25-33
Pages 35-40
Anesthesia for Robotic Liver Surgery
Pages 41-52
Front Matter
Pages 53-53
Pages 55-61
Different Approaches in Robotic Liver Surgery: Pure Robotic Approach
Pages 63-68
Front Matter
Pages 69-69
Learning Curve in Robotic Liver Surgery
Pages 71-75
Training in Robotic Liver Surgery
Pages 77-83
Training Programs for Robotic Liver Surgery
Pages 85-91
Proficiency-Based Progression Training
Pages 93-98
Front Matter
Pages 99-99
Robotic Surgery Trends in General Oncological Surgery
Pages 101-104
Robotic Liver Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Pages 105-112
Robotic Liver Surgery for Colorectal Metastases
Pages 113-127
Pages 189-195
Pages 197-206
Pages 207-214
Pages 215-224
Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Resection of Klatskin Tumors
Pages 225-243
Robotic Liver Resection for Gallbladder Cancer, Hilar Lymphadenectomy, and Biliary Reconstruction
Pages 245-267
Pages 269-278
Robotic Living Donor Liver Procurement for Transplantation
Pages 279-288
Safe Unplanned Open Conversion During Robotic Hepatectomy for Major Bleeding
Pages 289-293
Front Matter
Pages 295-295
Pages 297-305
Economic Cost and Value in Robotic Liver Surgery
Pages 307-314
Pages 315-319
The Future and Hurdles of Robotic Liver Surgery
Pages 321-327
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