Edited by Cheston B. Cunha, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Brown University Alpert School of Medicine

Cheston B. Cunha is Assistant Professor of Medicine at Brown University Alpert School of Medicine. He is also Medical Director of the Rhode Island Hospital and Miriam Hospital Antimicrobial Stewardship Program and Associate Program Director for the Infectious Disease Fellowship at Brown University. Dr. Cunha's clinical and research interests include general infectious diseases, antimicrobial therapy and stewardship, ancient plagues, and fever of unknown origin (FUO).

Preface
Contributors
Section 1 - Clinical syndromes: General
1 Fever of unknown origin
Cheston B. Cunha and Burke A. Cunha
2 Sepsis
Leeja Joseph and Rodger D. MacArthur

3 Chronic fatigue syndrome
Stephen J. Gluckman
Section 2 - Clinical syndromes: Head and neck
4 Pharyngotonsillitis
Itzhak Brook

5 Infectious thyroiditis
Jeanne Carey and Stephen G. Baum
6 Otitis
Stephen I. Pelton
7 Sinusitis
Rachel Kominsky and Todd Otteson
8 Dental infections
Jessica Moskovitz, Bridget Hathaway, Jennifer Rubin Grandis, and Jonas T. Johnson
9 Salivary and lacrimal gland infections
Alexandre Malek, Johny Fares, and Issam Raad
10 Deep neck infections
Jeremy D. Gradon
Section 3 - Clinical syndromes: Eye
11 Conjunctivitis
Elmer Y. Tu

12 Keratitis
Elmer Y. Tu, Francis S. Mah, and Jules Baum

13 Iritis
Alice Lorch and Ann-Marie Lobo

14 Retinitis
Hillary C. Stiefel and Daniel M. Albert
15 Endophthalmitis
Roy D. Brod, Harry W. Flynn, Jr., and Lili G. Kaplan
16 Periocular/Retro-orbital infections
Miriam Barshak and Marlene L. Durand
Section 4 - Clinical syndromes: Skin and lymph nodes
17 Fever and rash
John W. Sensacovic and Leon G. Smith

18 Toxic shock syndrome and Kawasaki disease
Evangelia M. Assimacopoulos, Aristides P. Assimacopoulos, Wilmara Salgado-Pabón, and Patrick M. Schlievert
19 Viral exanthems
Romina Bromberg, Michael Thompson, Lisa M. Chirch, and Jane M. Grant-Kels
20 Skin ulcers
Joanne T. Maffei

21 Cellulitis and erysipelas
Katherine S. Glaser and Kenneth J. Tomecki
22 Deep soft-tissue infection: Necrotizing fasciitis and gas gangrene
Stephen Ash and Louis E. Kennedy
23 Human and animal bites
Ellie J. C. Goldstein and F. Abrahamian
24 Lice, scabies, and myiasis
Charlotte Bernigaud, Gentiane Monsel, and Olivier Chosidow
25 Tungiasis and bed bugs
Tania F. Cestari and Simone Pessato
26 Superficial fungal infection of skin and nails
Evelyn K. Koestenblatt and Jeffrey M. Weinberg
27 Eumycetoma
Ncoza C. Dlova, Anisa Mosam, and Antoinette Chateau
28 Lymphadenopathy/Lymphadenitis
Gerald Friedland and Sheela Shenoi
Section 5 - Clinical syndromes: Respiratory tract
29 Bronchitis
Phillippa Poole and Mark Hobbs
30 Croup, supraglottitis, and laryngitis
Irmgrad Behlau
31 Atypical pneumonia
Thomas M. File, Jr.
32 Community-acquired pneumonia
Keyur S. Vyas
33 Nosocomial pneumonia
Cheston B. Cunha and Burke A. Cunha
34 Aspiration pneumonia
Jean Gibb and Matthew Bidwell Goetz
35 Lung abscess
Amee Patrawalla and Lisa L. Dever
36 Empyema and bronchopleural fistula
Charlotte E. Bolton and Dennis J. Shale
Section 6 - Clinical syndromes: Heart and blood vessels
37 Endocarditis
John L. Brusch
38 Acute pericarditis
Richard A. Martinello and Michael Cappello
39 Myocarditis
Lori Blauwet and Andrew Rosenbaum
40 Mediastinitis
Ravi Karra and Keith S. Kaye
41 Vascular infection
Susan E. Beekmann and David K. Henderson
42 Infections of cardiovascular implantable devices
M. Rizwan Sohail, Daniel C. DeSimone, and James M. Steckelberg
Section 7 - Clinical syndromes: Gastrointestinal tract, liver, and abdomen

43 Acute viral hepatitis
Kalyan Ram Bhamidimarri and Paul Martin
44 Chronic viral hepatitis
Michelle E. Freshman and Lawrence S. Friedman
45 Biliary infection: Cholecystitis, cholangitis
Raghav Chandra and Robert V. Rege
46 Pyogenic liver abscess
Patricia Wong and H. Franklin Herlong
47 Infectious complications in acute pancreatitis
Jodie A. Barkin and Jamie S. Barkin
48 Esophageal infections
Uni Wong and Jean-Pierre Raufman
49 Gastroenteritis
Douglas R. Morgan, Vivian Chidi, and Robert L. Owen
50 Food poisoning
Carly R. Davis and Andrew T. Pavia
51 Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile
Cheston B. Cunha and Burke A. Cunha
52 Sexually transmitted enteric infections
Thomas C. Quinn
53 Acute appendicitis
Bian Wu and John Maa
54 Diverticulitis
Matthew D. Zelhart and Ronald L. Nichols
55 Abdominal abscess
K. Shad Pharaon and Donald D. Trunkey
56 Splenic abscess
Walter Dehority and Thomas R. Howdieshell
57 Peritonitis
Linda A. Slavoski and Matthew E. Levison
58 Whipple's disease and sprue
Amirkaveh Mojtahed and Payam Afshar
Section 8 - Clinical syndromes: Genitourinary tract
59 Urethritis and dysuria
George Pappas, Ioannis A. Bliziotis, and Matthew E. Falagas
60 Vaginitis and cervicitis
Sebastian Faro
61 Epididymo-orchitis
Rebecca Fallis and Daniel Mueller
62 Genital ulcer adenopathy syndrome
Allan Ronald
63 Prostatitis
Cheston B. Cunha and Burke A. Cunha
64 Pelvic inflammatory disease
William J. Ledger
65 Urinary tract infection
Peter Liu, Keith W. Hamilton, and Judith A. O'Donnell
66 Candiduria
Jack D. Sobel
67 Focal renal infections and papillary necrosis
Ann F. Fisher and Louise M. Dembry
Section 9 - Clinical syndromes: Musculoskeletal system
68 Infection of native and prosthetic joints
Shahbaz Hasan and James W. Smith
69 Bursitis
Richard H. Parker
70 Acute and chronic osteomyelitis
Ilona Kronig, Pierre Vaudaux, Domizio Suvà, Daniel Lew, and Ilker Uçkay
71 Polyarthritis
Kathryn H. Dao and John J. Cush
72 Infectious polymyositis
Shanthi Kappagoda and Upinder Singh
73 Iliopsoas abscess
Larson Erb and Pamela A. Lipsett
Section 10 - Clinical syndromes: Neurologic system

74 Bacterial meningitis
Jennie E. Johnson and Allan R. Tunkel
75 Aseptic meningitis
Burt R. Meyers and Dalilah Restrepo
76 Viral encephalitis
John J. Halperin and David N. Irani
77 Intracranial suppuration
Brian Wispelwey and Christopher J. Arnold
78 Spinal epidural abscess
Mark J. DiNubile
79 Myelitis and peripheral neuropathy
Rohini Samudralwar and Rodrigo Hasbun
80 Reye syndrome
Debra L. Weiner and Amy Kritzer
81 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Christopher M. Perrone and Joseph R. Berger
82 Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection
Elisabeth E. Adderson and Patricia M. Flynn
Section 11 - The susceptible host
83 Evaluation of suspected immunodeficiency
Thomas A. Fleisher and Sergio D. Rosenzweig
84 Infection in the neutropenic patient
Eric Holaday, Aaron Mishkin, and Rafik Samuel
85 Infections in patients with neoplastic disease
Amar Safdar and Donald Armstrong
86 Corticosteroids, cytotoxic agents
Babafemi Taiwo and Hannah Nam
87 Biologics
Rebecca A. Ward, Pritha Sen, and Jatin M. Vyas
88 Infection in transplant patients
Raymund R. Razonable
89 Diabetes and infection
Sylvia J. Shaw and Raza Iqbal
90 Infectious complications in the injection and non-injection drug user
Carlo Contoreggi
91 Infection in the alcoholic
Laurel C. Preheim and Manasa Velagapudi
92 Infection in the elderly
Kent Crossley
93 Neonatal infection
Patrick G. Gallagher and Robert S. Baltimore
94 Pregnancy and the puerperium: Infectious risks
Raùl E. Istùriz and Jorge Murillo
95 Dialysis-related infection
Peter Mariuz
96 Asplenia
Larry I. Lutwick
Section 12 - HIV
97 HIV infection: Initial evaluation and monitoring
Aaron E. Glatt, Andréa Sciberras, and Steven M. Weiss
98 HIV: Antiretroviral therapy
Amy L. Brotherton and Joseph M. Garland
99 Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
Suzaan Marais and Graeme Meintjes
100 Opportunistic infections in HIV
Marshall Glesby and Anthony Ogedegbe
101 Prophylaxis of opportunistic infections in HIV disease
Brandi Manning, Robert L. Bettiker, and Jeffrey M. Jacobson
Section 13 - Nosocomial infection
102 Percutaneous injury: Risks and management
David Kuhar and Krista Powell
103 Hospital-acquired fever
Arthur E. Brown and Susan K. Seo
104 Transfusion-related infection
William R. Jarvis and Virginia R. Roth
105 Intravascular catheter-related infection
Johny Fares, Alexandre Malek, and Issam Raad
106 Infections associated with urinary catheters
Lindsay E. Nicolle
Section 14 - Infections related to surgery and trauma
107 Postoperative wound infection
E. Patchen Dellinger
108 Trauma-related infection
Mark A. Malangoni
109 Infected implants
Gordon Dickinson
110 Infection in the burn-injured patient
Roger W. Yurt and Rafael Gerardo Magaña
Section 15 - Prevention of infection
111 Nonsurgical antimicrobial prophylaxis
Nadine Rouphael and Alexandra Wolcott Dretler
112 Surgical prophylaxis
Sonya Trinh and George Pankey
113 Immunizations
Elaine C. Jong
Section 16 - Travel and recreation
114 Advice for travelers
Henry M. Wu and Jessica K. Fairley
115 Fever in the returning traveler
Alimuddin Zumla
116 Systemic infection from animals
David J. Weber, Jonathan J. Juliano, and William A. Rutala
117 Tick-borne disease
Steven C. Buckingham
118 Recreational water exposure
Mary E. Wilson and Andrea K. Boggild
119 Travelers' diarrhea
Karen J. Vigil and Herbert L. DuPont
Section 17 - Bioterrorism
120 Bioterrorism
Megan Gallagher and Andrew W. Artenstein
Section 18 - Specific organisms: Bacteria

121 Actinomycosis
Thomas A. Russo and Grishma R. Trivedi
122 Anaerobic infections
Itzhak Brook
123 Anthrax
Tirdad T. Zangeneh, Marc Traeger, and Stephen A. Klotz
124 Bartonella bacilliformis
Nuria Sanchez Clemente
125 Cat scratch disease and other Bartonella infections
William A. Schwartzman
126 Bordetella
Emily Souder and Sarah S. Long
127 Branhamella-Moraxella
Lisa S. Hodges and Joseph A. Bocchini, Jr.
128 Brucellosis
Carlo Carrillo and Eduardo Gotuzzo
129 Campylobacter
David W. K. Acheson
130 Clostridium
Derek Forster
131 Corynebacteria
Carlos H. Ramírez-Ronda and Carlos R. Ramírez-Ramírez
132 Enterobacteriaceae
Charles Stratton
133 Enterococcus
Ronald N. Jones and Rodrigo Mendes
134 Erysipelothrix
W. Lee Hand
135 HACEK
Vivian H. Chu
136 Helicobacter pylori
David Y. Graham and Emiko Rimbara
137 Neisseria gonorrhoea
Amy J. Mathers and Michael F. Rein
138 Haemophilus
Amy Spallone and Daniel Musher
139 Legionellosis
Thomas J. Marrie, Shelly McNeil, and Mark Robbins
140 Leprosy
Bahir H. Chamseddin and Travis Vandergriff
141 Meningococcus and miscellaneous neisseriae
Chuen-Yen Lau and Edmund C. Tramont
142 Listeria
Bennett Lorber
143 Nocardia
Lisa Haglund
144 Pasteurella multocida
Andrew S. Webster, Paulina A. Rebolledo, Naasha J. Talati, and David S. Stephens
145 Pneumococcus
Maurice A. Mufson and Nancy B. Norton
146 Pseudomonas, stenotrophomonas, and burkholderia
Titus Daniels
147 Rat-bite fevers
Neil S. Lipman
148 Salmonella
Bruce S. Ribner
149 Staphylococcus
Suzanne F. Bradley
150 Streptococcus groups A, B, C, D, and G
Dennis L. Stevens, J. Anthony Mebane, and Karl Madaras-Kelly
151 Viridans streptococci
John L. Brusch
152 Poststreptococcal immunologic complications
Barbara W. Stechenberg
153 Shigella
Eduardo Rodríguez-Noriega
154 Tularemia
Kari Neeman and Jessica Snowden
155 Tuberculosis
Jay B. Mehta and Asim K. Dutt
156 Nontuberculous mycobacteria
Timothy Aksamit and David E. Griffith
157 Vibrio
Duc J. Vugia
158 Yersinia
Royce H. Johnson and Arash Heidari
159 Miscellaneous gram-positive organisms
Iqra Choudary, Steven K. Schmitt, and Roberto Baun Corales
160 Miscellaneous gram-negative organisms
Sampath Kumar and Kamaljit Singh
Section 19 - Specific organisms: Spirochetes
161 Syphilis and other treponematoses
Arlene C. Seña and Adaora A. Adimora
162 Lyme disease
Janine Evans
163 Borreliosis
Sally Cutler
164 Leptospirosis
Daniela Dimarco
Section 20 - Specific organisms: Mycoplasma and Chlamydia

165 Mycoplasma
Ken B. Waites and Sixto Leal
166 Chlamydia pneumonia
Margaret R. Hammerschlag
167 Chlamydia psittaci (psittacosis)
Thomas Marrie
Section 21 - Specific organisms: Rickettsia, Ehrlichia, and Anaplasma
168 Rickettsial infections
Noah Wald-Dickler and Paul D. Holtom
169 Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
Johan S. Bakken and J. Stephen Dumler
Section 22 - Specific organisms: Fungi
170 Candidiasis
Christopher F. Carpenter and Nicholas Gilpin
171 Aspergillus
Stuart M. Levitz and Sanjay Ram
172 Mucormycosis (and entomophthoramycosis)
Scott F. Davies
173 Sporotrichum
Robert A. Greenfield
174 Cryptococcus
William G. Powderly
175 Histoplasmosis
Cole Beeler and Mitchell Goldman
176 Blastomycosis
Todd P. McCarty and Peter G. Pappas
177 Coccidioidomycosis
Trung T. Vu, Jose Cadena, and Gregory M. Anstead
178 Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii)
Shelley A. Gilroy and Nicholas Bennett
179 Miscellaneous (emerging) fungi and algae
Obinna N. Nnedu and George A. Pankey
Section 23 - Specific organisms: Viruses
180 Cytomegalovirus
Rima I. El-Herte and Jeffrey L. Meier
181 Dengue
Nguyen Thanh Hung
182 Enteroviruses
Penelope Dennehy
183 Epstein-Barr virus and other causes of the infectious mononucleosis syndrome
Jeffrey L. Meier
184 Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome
Gregory Mertz
185 Herpes simplex 1 and 2
Richard J. Whitley and Abdulsalam Alsulami
186 Human herpes virus 6, 7, 8
Eleni Magira
187 Influenza
Harvey M. Friedman and Ramin Herati
188 Coronavirus-19
Smitha Gudipati, Gina Maki, Marcus Zervos, and Mayur Ramesh
189 Papillomavirus in oro-genital infection
Lawrence J. Eron
190 Acute and chronic parvovirus infection
Neal S. Young
191 Rabies
Anita Mahadevan, Susarla K. Shankar, and Avindra Nath
192 Varicella-zoster virus
Jeffrey M. Weinberg
193 Viral hemorrhagic fevers
Daniel G. Bausch
Section 24 - Specific organisms: Parasites
194 Intestinal roundworms
Kathryn N. Suh, Anne E. McCarthy, and Jay S. Keystone
195 Tissue nematodes
Ian Michelow and Dan Blatt
196 Schistosomes and other trematodes
James H. Maguire
197 Tapeworms (cestodes)
Zbigniew S. Pawlowski
198 Toxoplasma
Roderick Go and Benjamin J. Luft
199 Malaria
Jessica K. Fairley and Henry M. Wu
200 Babesiosis
Tempe K. Chen, Choukri Ben Mamoun, and Peter J. Krause
201 Trypanosomes and leishmania
Richard Pearson, Selma Jeronimo, and Anastacio de Sousa
202 Intestinal protozoa
M. Paul Kelly
203 Extraintestinal amoebic infection
Rosa Andrade
Section 25 - Antimicrobial therapy: General considerations
204 Principles of antibiotic therapy
John S. Czachor
205 Antibacterial agents
Richard Watkins
206 Principles and practice of antimicrobial stewardship
Cheston B. Cunha
207 Antifungal therapy
Dimitrios Farmakiotis and Ralph Rogers
208 Antiviral therapy
Rajeev Shah and Cheston B. Cunha
209 Probiotics
Varsha Gupta and Ritu Garg
210 Hypersensitivity to antibiotics
Santiago Alvarez-Arango and N. Franklin Adkinson, Jr.
211 Antimicrobial agent tables
Diane Parente and Cheston B. Cunha
Index