Table of Contents

Part I Basic Processes at the Cellular Level and in Animal Models
1 Glutamine Structure and Function: A Starter Pack ........................................................ 3
Peter B. Soeters
2 Amino Acid Transporters and Glutamine ........................................................................ 21
Catherine Zander , Zhou Zhang , Thomas Albers , and Christof Grewer
3 Role of Glutamine Transaminases in Nitrogen, Sulfur, Selenium,
and 1-Carbon Metabolism ................................................................................................. 37
Arthur J. L. Cooper , Thambi Dorai , Bhuvaneswari Dorai , Boris F. Krasnikov ,
Jianyong Li , André Hallen , and John Thomas Pinto
4 Glutamine Uptake and Immunomodulation: An Overview............................................ 55
Kenneth Frauwirth
5 The Role of Glutamine and Glutamic Acid in the Pituitary Gland
Involvement in Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone Release .................................................. 67
Sayaka Aizawa , Takafumi Sakai , and Ichiro Sakata
6 Glucose-Independent Glutamine-Driven TCA Cycle in Cancer Cells ........................... 77
Brad Poore , Nicholas Siegel , Joshua K. Park , Benjamin Jung Hwang ,
Iman Afi f , and Anne Le
7 The Role of Glutamine Synthetase in the Glutamine Independence
in Mammary Tissue ............................................................................................................ 87
Hsiu-Ni Kung and Jen-Tsan Chi
8 Glutamine Addiction of Cancer Cells ............................................................................... 99
Enrico Desideri and Maria Rosa Ciriolo
9 L-[5-11C]-Glutamine and Metabolic Imaging in Cancer Cells ........................................ 113
Karl Ploessl , Brian P. Lieberman , Seok Rye Choi , Lin Zhu , and Hank F. Kung
10 Endotoxemia and Glutamine ............................................................................................. 125
François Blachier , Xiangfeng Kong , Guoyao Wu , Daniel Tomé , Antonio Lancha Jr. ,
Mireille Andriamihaja , and Yulong Yin

Part II Glutamine Use in Critically Ill Patients and Their Diagnosis
11 Plasma Glutamine and Its Levels in Metabolic Stress .................................................... 143
Jan Wernerman
12 Glutamine Supplementation in Major Surgery and Intensive Care .............................. 153
Luca Gianotti , Massimo Oldani , Sara Coppola , Luca Nespoli , Marco Zanello ,
and Marco Braga
13 Enteral Nutrition Supplemented with L-glutamine in Patients with Sepsis .................. 169
Ana Augusta Monteiro Cavalcante and Paulo Roberto Leitão de Vasconcelos
14 Glutamine Supplementation in Multiple Trauma Patients ............................................. 181
Ruqaiya M. Al Balushi , Jennifer D. Paratz , Jeremy Cohen , and Merrilyn Banks
15 Glutamine Dipeptide and Insulin Sensitivity in Critically Ill Patients .......................... 195
Teodoro Grau-Carmona and Carol Lorencio Cárdenas
16 Potential for Glutamine Supplementation in Critically Ill Children ............................. 207
Efrossini Briassouli , Luise Victoria Marino , and George Briassoulis
17 Glutamine and Ammonia in Hepatic Encephalopathy .................................................... 219
Sherry Dadsetan , Helle S. Waagepetersen , Arne Schousboe , and Lasse K. Bak
18 The Oral Glutamine Challenge in Liver Cirrhosis .......................................................... 229
Javier Ampuero and Manuel Romero-Gómez
Part III Glutamine in Normal Metabolism and Under Surgical Stress
19 Insulin Secretion and the Glutamine-Glutamate-Alpha- Ketoglutarate Axis ................ 239
Changhong Li
20 Glutamine-Cycling Pathway in Metabolic Syndrome: Systems Biology-Based
Characterization of the Glutamate-Related Metabolotype and Advances
for Diagnosis and Treatment in Translational Medicine ................................................. 255
Silvia Sookoian and Carlos J. Pirola
21 Glutamine and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Response ........................................................ 277
Jerry R. Greenfi eld and Dorit Samocha-Bonet
22 Glutamine Pretreatment and Surgery for Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate in Children .............. 293
José Ferreira da Cunha Filho and Paulo Roberto Leitão de Vasconcelos
23 Use of Perioperative Glutamine Dipeptide in Parenteral Nutrition
in Surgical Hospital Patients with Malnutrition .............................................................. 301
Gabriel Mercadal-Orfi la , Josep Manel Llop Talaverón , and Rajkumar Rajendram
24 Therapeutic Use of Glutamine for Diabetic Foot Ulcers and Related Conditions ........ 313
Annabel E. Barber , Maris S. Jones , and Patrizio Tatti
Part IV Clinical Aspects of Glutamine in the Intestine
25 Glutamine Protects GI Epithelial Tight Junctions .......................................................... 323
RadhaKrishna Rao and Kamaljit Chaudhry
26 Glutamine Therapy in Colitis Models ............................................................................... 339
Hongyu Xue
27 Glutamine Supplementation and Helicobacter pylori Infection ...................................... 357
Susan J. Hagen
28 Small Intestinal Hypoxic Injury and Use of Arginyl- Glutamine
Dipeptide: Applications to Pediatrics ................................................................................ 369
Liya Ma , Nan Li , and Josef Neu
29 Dipeptide-Bound Glutamine and the Intestinal Microcirculation in Sepsis ................. 383
Nadia A. Al-Banna and Christian Lehmann
Part V Clinical Aspects of Glutamine in Certain Patient Populations
30 Manganese Toxicity and the Glutamine–Glutamate Cycle ............................................. 401
Marta Sidoryk-Wegrzynowicz and Michael Aschner
31 Glutamine and Epilepsy ..................................................................................................... 415
Weiwei Hu and Zhong Chen
32 Glutamine Supplementation in Glutamine Synthetase Defi ciency ................................. 427
Johannes Häberle
33 Plasma Antioxidants and Glutamine Supplementation in HIV ...................................... 437
Roberto Carlos Burini , Maria Dorotéia Borges-Santos , Fernando Moreto ,
and Yong-Ming Yu
34 Glutamine, Total Antioxidant Systems and Damage
in Renal Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury ............................................................................. 445
Valter Torezan Gouvêa Junior , Cervantes Caporossi ,
and Carlos Augusto Fernandes Molina
35 Protection by Glutamine After Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury ........................................ 461
Kechen Ban and Rosemary A. Kozar
36 Glutamine and Cancer Immunosuppression .................................................................... 475
Ines Hammami and Mario Jolicoeur
37 Combining Exercise with Glutamine Supplementation
in Cancer-Cachexia Metabolism ........................................................................................ 487
Maria Cristina Cintra Gomes-Marcondes and Emilianne Miguel Salomão
38 Glutamine and Skeletal Muscle ......................................................................................... 499
Julio Tirapegui and Vinicius Fernandes Cruzat
39 Glutamine and Myostatin Expression in Muscle Wasting .............................................. 513
Fabio Penna , Andrea Bonetto , Francesco M. Baccino , and Paola Costelli
40 Web-Based Resources and Suggested Readings ............................................................... 527
Rajkumar Rajendram , Vinood B. Patel , and Victor R. Preedy
Index ............................................................................................................................................. 533