Titolo: Essentials of Neuroanesthesia

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Essentials of Neuroanesthesia

Editore

Academic Press

Anno

2017

Pagine

1036

ISBN

9780128052990

I prezzi indicati possono subire variazioni poiché soggetti all'oscillazione dei cambi delle valute e/o agli aggiornamenti effettuati dagli Editori.

Dettagli Indice Recensioni (0)

Features:

Offers useful insights on the anesthetic management of neurosurgical and neurologic patients
Discusses related issues, such as palliative care, evidence based practice of neuroanesthesia, sterilization techniques, biostatistics, and ethical issues
Useful for trainees, clinicians, and researchers in the fields of neurosurgery, neurocritical care, neuroanesthesia, and neurology

Section I. Neuroanatomy

Chapter 1. Neuroanatomy

Introduction
Embryological Differentiation of Different Parts of Brain
Anatomy of Brain
Vascular Supply of the Brain
The Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid

Chapter 2. Neuroembryology

Formation of Zygote
Formation of Blastocyst
Formation of Embryonic or Germ Disc
Formation of Definitive Notochord
Development of Nervous System

Chapter 3. Blood-Brain Barrier

Introduction
Permeability at the Blood-Brain Barrier
Cellular and Molecular Effects of Anesthetics on the Blood-Brain Barrier
Clinical and Experimental Implications of Anesthetics on the Blood-Brain Barrier
Conclusion

Section II. Neurophysiology

Chapter 4. Neurophysiology

Intracranial Pressure
Normal Intracranial Pressure
Cerebral Compliance
Importance of Intracranial Pressure
Summary
Cerebral Blood Flow
Vascular Anatomy
Summary
Brain Metabolism
Normal Cerebral Metabolism
Summary
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Ventricular System
Summary
The Spinal Cord
Anatomy
Organization of the Spinal Cord
Summary

Chapter 5. Brain Protection in Neurosurgery

Introduction
Nonpharmacological Strategies
Mild Hypothermia
Blood Pressure Control
Induced Arterial Hypertension
Normoglycemia
Target Hemoglobin Concentration
Pharmacological Strategies
Nonanesthetic Agents
Anesthetic Agents
Conclusion

Section III. Neuropharmacology

Chapter 6. Neuropharmacology

Anesthetic Drugs and Sedatives
Intravenous Anesthetic Agents
Inhalational Anesthetic Agents
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Local Anesthetic Agents
Miscellaneous Drugs
Future Directions in Neuropharmacology
Conclusion

Chapter 7. Anesthetic Agents: Neurotoxics or Neuroprotectives?

Introduction
Pharmacological Considerations
Anesthesia Practice: Clinical Outcomes
Anesthesia and Fragile Brain
Conclusion
Abbreviations

Section IV. Neuromonitoring

Chapter 8. Neuromonitoring

Introduction
Cerebral Blood Flow
Transcranial Sonography
Thermal Diffusion Flowmetry
Laser Doppler Flowmetry
Intra-Arterial 133Xenon
CT Perfusion
Xenon Enhanced CT
Positron Emission Tomography
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Intracranial Pressure
Electroencephalogram
Evoked Potential Monitoring
Motor Evoked Potentials
Depth of Anesthesia
Cerebral Oxygenation Monitoring
Jugular Venous Oximetry
Regional Cerebral Oximetry
Brain Tissue Oxygen Monitoring
Cerebral Microdialysis
Conclusion

Chapter 9. Multimodal Monitoring

Introduction
Temperature
Oxygen Transport, Hemodynamics, and Brain Metabolism
Intracranial Pressure Monitoring
Electroencephalography and Depth of Anesthesia Monitoring
Miscellaneous
Integration of Information and Decision-Helping Systems
Clinical Pearls

Section V. Positions in Neurosurgery

Chapter 10. Positioning in Neurosurgery

Introduction
Historical Background
Principles of Positioning
The Conduct of Positioning
Surgical Approach for Craniotomies
Positioning for Craniotomy
Positions Used for Craniotomies
Surgical Approach for Procedures of the Spine
Conclusion
Abbreviations

Section VI. Preanesthetic Evaluation

Chapter 11. Preanesthetic Evaluation of Neurosurgical Patients

Introduction
Preoperative Evaluation of Patient-Related Risk Factors
Preoperative Evaluation of Specific Neurosurgical Conditions

Section VII. Neurosurgery

Chapter 12. Supratentorial Lesions

Introduction
Classification
Pathophysiology and Clinical Correlations
Clinical Features
Neuroimaging
Intraoperative Considerations: The Team Approach
Anesthetic Management
Intraoperative Management
Emergence From Anesthesia
Postoperative Management
Awake Craniotomy
Conclusions

Chapter 13. Emergence From Anesthesia

Introduction
Neurophysiological Response During Emergence in Neurosurgical Patients
Specific Perioperative Considerations
Delayed Emergence and Arousal
Complications
Conclusion

Chapter 14. Anesthesia for Posterior Fossa Surgery

Introduction
Anatomy
Clinical Presentation
Perioperative Management of Patients for Posterior Fossa Surgery
Venous Air Embolism
Postoperative Management
Complications
Abbreviations

Chapter 15. Transesophageal Echocardiography

Introduction
Basics of Transesophageal Echocardiography
Summary

Chapter 16. Anesthesia for Epilepsy Surgery

Introduction
Surgical Management of Epilepsy
Types of Surgical Treatment
Presurgical Evaluation
Anesthesia for Epilepsy Surgery
Effect of Anesthetic Agents in Patients With Epilepsy
Antiepileptic Drug Interactions
Preanesthetic Evaluation and Preparation
Anesthetic Management of Preoperative Procedures
Anesthesia for Intracranial Electrode Insertion
Anesthetic Management of Resection of Seizure Focus
Awake Craniotomy
Resection of Epileptogenic Focus Under General Anesthesia
Neurostimulation for Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
Anesthetic Management of the Patient With Epilepsy for Incidental Surgery
Abbreviations

Chapter 17. Refractory Status Epilepticus

Introduction
Epidemiology
Classification
Cause
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Management
Treatment
Conclusions

Chapter 18. Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

History
Introduction
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Grading of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Initial Management Concerns in Neurocritical Care Unit
Timing of Surgery
Clipping or Coiling
Evaluation of a Patient With Subarachnoid Hemorrhage for Anesthesia
Anesthetic Management
Temporary Clipping and Brain Protection Strategy
Intraoperative Aneurysm Rupture
Giant Aneurysms and Circulatory Arrest
Endovascular Management for Aneurysm Ablation
Postoperative Management of Patients
Conclusion

Chapter 19. Circulatory Arrest

Introduction
Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest
Anesthesia Management
Complications
Adenosine-Induced Circulatory Arrest
Anesthesia Considerations
Complications
Summary

Chapter 20. Cerebrovascular Disease

Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Incidence and Risk Factors
Imaging
Clinical Presentation
Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Arteriovenous Malformations
Cause and Incidence
Natural History
Pathophysiologic Effects and Clinical Presentation
Grading of Arteriovenous Malformations
Imaging
Cerebral Hemodynamics in Arteriovenous Malformation
Management
Surgical Resection of Arteriovenous Malformation
Anesthetic Considerations for Resection of Arteriovenous Malformation
Postoperative Management
Anesthetic Considerations for Arteriovenous Malformation Embolization
Complications During Arteriovenous Malformation Embolization
Pediatric Arteriovenous Malformations
Pregnancy and Arteriovenous Malformations
Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformations
Dural Arteriovenous Fistula
Clinical Presentation
Management
Carotid Endarterectomy
Preoperative Evaluation
Management of Carotid Artery Disease
Monitoring
Intraoperative Management
Postoperative Complications and Outcomes
Coronary Angioplasty and Stenting
Moyamoya Disease
Management of Moyamoya Disease

Chapter 21. Flow Arrest in Cerebrovascular Surgery

Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest
Adenosine-Assisted Cerebral Blood Flow Arrest
Rapid Ventricular Pacing-Assisted Cerebral Blood Flow Arrest

Chapter 22. Neuroendocrine Lesions

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Evaluation
Neuroendocrine Response Related to Anesthesia and Surgery
Pituitary Gland Adenomas
Physiology of Pituitary Gland
Endocrine Diseases
Nonfunctioning Tumors
Intraoperative Considerations
Advantages of Endoscopic Endonasal Approach
Relative Contraindications to Transsphenoidal Approach
Intraoperative Issues
Disorder of Water and Electrolytes

Chapter 23. Pituitary Apoplexy

Clinical Features
Management

Chapter 24. Spinal Surgery

Introduction
Spine
Types of Spine Surgeries
Surgical Approaches to the Spine
Common Spine Disorders
Imaging in Spine Lesions
Positioning for Spine Surgeries
Neurophysiological Intraoperative Monitoring During Spine Surgeries
Preanesthetic Assessment and Optimization
Anesthesia Management
Postoperative Management
Special Considerations
Conclusion

Chapter 25. Postoperative Visual Loss

Introduction
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Cortical Blindness
Recent Advances
Conclusion

Chapter 26. Neuroendoscopy

Introduction
Anesthetic Goals and Management
Anesthetic Management of Specific Neuroendoscopic Procedures
Advances in Neuroendoscopy
Conclusion
Clinical Pearls

Chapter 27. Pressure Inside the Neuroendoscope

Introduction
Indications and Procedures
How Do Neurosurgeons Perform an Intraventricular Endoscopic Procedure?
Anesthetic Procedure: What to Take Into Account?
Perioperative Complications
Conclusion

Chapter 28. Anesthesia for Functional Neurosurgery

Introduction
Procedure
Anesthetic Consideration
Anesthetic Techniques
Complications
Anesthesia in Patients With Deep Brain Stimulator In Situ
Conclusion

Chapter 29. Awake Craniotomy

Introduction
Patient Selection
Awake Craniotomy for Tumor Surgery
Awake Craniotomy for Epilepsy
Conclusion

Section VIII. Neuroradiology

Chapter 30. Anesthesia for Neuroradiology

Introduction
Issues Relating to Anesthesia Care in Neuroradiology
Anesthesia for Computed Tomographic Study
Anesthesia for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Anesthesia for Diagnostic Angiography
Anesthetic Management of Endovascular Coiling
Anesthetic Management of Endovascular Embolization of Arteriovenous Malformation, Arteriovenous Fistula, and Vein of Galen Malformation
Anesthesia for Stroke Interventions
Issues Related to Radiation During Neurointervention
Anesthesia for Stereotactic Radiosurgery
Pregnancy and Neuroradiology
Clinical Pearls

Chapter 31. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Anesthetic Implications

Introduction: The Road From X-Ray to Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Various Types of Signals Recorded
Hazards Related to Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Safety: General Considerations
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Safety: Management of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices and Other Implantable Devices
Anesthesia for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Research Applications/Emerging Clinical Applications of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Section IX. Neurotrauma

Chapter 32. Neurotrauma

Traumatic Brain Injury
Definition
Epidemiology
Classification of Traumatic Brain Injury
Physiologic Response to Brain Injury
Neuroimaging
Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury
Management of Traumatic Brain Injury
Outcome
Emerging Treatment Modalities
Conclusion
Spine and Spinal Cord Trauma
Epidemiology
Classification of Spinal Injury
Pathophysiology of Spinal Cord Trauma
Systemic Complications of Spinal Cord Injuries
Management of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury
Emerging Treatment Modalities

Chapter 33. Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injury

Introduction
Conclusion

Section X. Neurointensive Care

Chapter 34. Neurological Critical Care

Introduction
History of Neurocritical Care
Design of a Neurocritical Care Unit
Clinical Conditions Requiring Admission to Neurocritical Care Unit
Justification for Neurological Critical Care Units
Pathophysiological Issues in Neurological Critical Care
Management of Patients in a Neurological Intensive Care Unit
Management of General Systemic Physiology
Specific Therapeutic Issues in Individual Clinical Conditions
Advanced Neuromonitoring
Outcomes of Neurological Intensive Care Unit
End-of-Life Issues in Neurological Critical Care
Clinical Pearls

Chapter 35. Antibiotics: Prophylactic and Therapeutics

Introduction
Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy in Neurosurgery
Treatment of Central Nervous System Infections in the Neurosurgical Patient
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Neurosurgery

Section XI. Special Considerations

Chapter 36. Pediatric Neuroanesthesia

Overview
Pediatric Neurophysiology
General Principles of Pediatric Neuroanesthesia
Intraoperative Management
Postoperative Considerations
Management of Specific Conditions
Conclusion

Chapter 37. Fluid and Blood Transfusion in Pediatric Neurosurgery

Introduction
Fluid and Electrolyte Choices
Type of Fluids for Perioperative Administration in Pediatric Patients
Fluid Management in Pediatric Neurosurgery
Osmotherapy
Fluid and Electrolyte Disturbances in Pediatric Neurosurgery
Blood Transfusion
Blood Components
Special Situations
Epilepsy Surgery
Scoliosis
Conclusion

Chapter 38. Geriatric Neuroanesthesia

Introduction
Implications of Surgical Stress and Anesthesia on the Elderly
Neurosurgical Concerns Unique to the Elderly
Conclusion

Chapter 39. Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction

Introduction
Definitions, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology
Risk Factors
Prevention
Screening Tools
Treatment
Outcome

Chapter 40. Pregnancy

Requirement of Neurosurgery During Pregnancy
Physiological Alterations During Pregnancy
Effect of Anesthetic Agents on Fetal Outcome
Uteroplacental Drug Transfer and Neonatal Depression
Timing and Method of Delivery
Anesthetic Considerations During Pregnancy
Induction: Rapid Sequence Versus Slow Neuroinduction
Combined Cesarean Delivery and Neurosurgery
Intracranial Pressure and Regional Anesthesia
Postoperative Management
Anesthesia for Interventional Neurosurgical Procedures

Chapter 41. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

Definition
Venous Anatomy
Incidence of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
Anesthetic Management
Prognosis
Conclusion

Chapter 42. Neurosurgical Anesthesia in Patients With Coexisting Cardiac Disease

Introduction
Preoperative Evaluation
Risk Stratification
Perioperative Monitoring
Ischemic Heart Disease
Valvular Heart Disease
Tumors of the Heart
Congenital Heart Disease
Hypertension
Conclusion

Chapter 43. Intraoperative Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Introduction
Incidence, Morbidity, and Mortality
Survival From Intraoperative Cardiac Arrest
Predictors
Cause of Intraoperative Cardiac Arrest
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality
Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Neurosurgical Patients
Prognosis
Conclusion

Chapter 44. Coexisting Diabetes Mellitus in Neurosurgical Patients

Introduction
Incidence of Diabetes Mellitus
Glycemic Indices
Modes of Glucose Measurement
Pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus
Cerebral Glucose Metabolism
Hyperglycemia and the Brain
Hyperglycemic Neuropathy
Diabetic Dysautonomia
Hypoglycemia and the Brain
Evidence of Glycemic Control in Important Neurosurgical Subsets
Traumatic Brain Injury
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Cerebrovascular Accidents
Tumor Surgery
Spine Surgery
Blood Sugar Management in Perioperative Period and Neurocritical Care
Intraoperative Management
Anesthetic Management
Postoperative Glycemic Management
Blood Sugar Control in Emergency Neurosurgical Patient
Blood Sugar Control in Intensive Care Setup
Nutrition
Conclusions
Coexisting Hypertension in Neurosurgical Patients
Physiology of Cerebral Circulation
Pathophysiology of Arterial Hypertension
Hypertension in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury
Perioperative Management
Preoperative Evaluation
Antihypertensive Drugs
Intraoperative Management
Monitoring
Induction of Anesthesia
Maintenance of Anesthesia
Recovery From Anesthesia
Postoperative Care
Neurocritical Care
Conclusion

Chapter 45. Neuromuscular Disorders

Introduction
Myasthenia Gravis
Myasthenic Crisis
Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Periodic Paralysis
Myotonias
Muscular Dystrophies
Motor Neuron Diseases
Multiple Sclerosis
Parkinson’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease
Huntington’s Disease

Chapter 46. Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Critically Ill Patients

Introduction
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation: Basic Concepts and Practical Considerations
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in the Intensive Care Unit
Contraindications and Adverse Effects
Recommendations for the Use of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in the Intensive Care Unit

Chapter 47. Neurological Patients for Nonneurosurgeries

Neurodegenerative Diseases
Demyelinating Disease
Neuromuscular Disease: Myasthenia Gravis
Epilepsy
Intracranial Tumors
Traumatic Brain Injury

Chapter 48. Anesthesia for Electroconvulsive Therapy

Background
Technique of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Contraindications
Preprocedure Management
Anesthesia for Electroconvulsive Therapy
Side Effects
Special Conditions
Conclusion

Section XII. Fluids and Electrolyte Management

Chapter 49. Fluids and Electrolyte Management

Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathophysiology
Definitions
Choice of Fluids
Hypertonic Fluids
Isotonic Fluids
Colloids
Hypotonic Fluids
Fluid Management
Commonly Encountered Fluid Abnormalities
Conclusion
Clinical Pearls

Chapter 50. Crystalloid and Colloid Fluids

Crystalloid Fluids
Colloid Fluids
Which Fluid to Choose?
Conclusions

Section XIII. Pain Management

Chapter 51. Pain Management

Postcraniotomy Pain
Incidence
Anatomical and Physiological Basis of Pain Following Craniotomy
Pain-Sensitive Structures of Cranium
Pathogenesis of Postcraniotomy Pain
Factors Affecting Postcraniotomy Pain
Classification and Assessment of Postcraniotomy Pain
Preemption of Pain
Treatment of Acute Pain
Postcraniotomy Pain Management in the Pediatric Population
Conclusion
Acute Pain Management After Spinal Surgery
Pathophysiology
Treatment Modalities for Acute Postoperative Spinal Pain
Conclusion

Section XIV. Brain Death and Ethical Issues

Chapter 52. Brain Death and Ethical Issues in Neuroanesthesia Practice

Part A: Brain Death
Criteria for Diagnosing Death
Need for Brain Death Diagnosis
Rules Regulating Diagnosis of Brain Death
Criteria for Certifying Brain Stem Death
Pitfalls/Controversies
Conclusion
Appendix I
Part B: Ethical Issues in Neuroanesthesia Practice
Ethical Issues in Clinical Care
Ethical Issues Related to Research
Ethical Issues Related to Team Work
Ethical Issues Related to Training
Ethical Issues Related to Innovative Neurosurgery
Conclusion

Chapter 53. Organ Donation

Introduction
Conclusion

Section XV. Evidence-Based Practice

Chapter 54. Evidence-Based Practice of Neuroanesthesia

Introduction
Evidence-Based Practice and Neuroanesthesia
Evidence and the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines
Unresolved Issues in the Practice of Neuroanesthesia
Conclusion
Clinical Pearls

Chapter 55. Translational Research

Introduction
Definition
In Neuroanesthesia
Why Not Lead to Clinical
To Be a Successful Translation
Conclusion

Section XVI. Recent Advances

Chapter 56. Recent Advances in Neuroanesthesiology

Introduction
Endovascular Treatment of Stroke and Perioperative Stroke
Indications for Deep Brain Stimulation
Anesthetic Neurotoxicity
Pre- and Postconditioning
Brain Monitoring
New Assays for Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

Chapter 57. Stem Cell Therapy

Hypothesis of Stem Cell Research
Stem Cell
Historical Background
Types of Stem Cells
Sources of Stem Cells
Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Stem Cells in Neurological Diseases
Mode of Action of Stem Cell Therapy
Ethical Issues
Recent Advances

Chapter 58. Pharmacogenomics

Introduction
Basic Genetic Principles
Basic Pharmacologic Principles
Anesthesia Contribution to the History of Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics: Current Application to Clinical Anesthesia
Conclusion

Section XVII. Sterilization Techniques

Chapter 59. Sterilization and Disinfection

Background
Recommendation of Preferred Methods for Various Medical Devices
Recommendation for the Cleaning and Decontamination of Environmental Surfaces
Recommendation for Blood Spill on the Surface
Cleaning and Disinfection of Medical Instruments
Cleaning and Reprocessing of Patient Care Equipment
Reprocessing of Respiratory Apparatus and Endoscopes
Reprocessing of Endoscopes
Specific Issues
Special Precaution for Inactivation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
Health Care-Associated Infections
Infections in Operating Rooms and Intensive Care Units
Conclusion

Chapter 60. Universal Precautions in the Intensive Care Unit

Introduction
Prophylactics of Health Care-Associated Infections in the Intensive Care Unit
Early Diagnosis of Pathogens and Infection Complications in the Intensive Care Unit
Rational Antibiotic Therapy
Systemic Approach
Conclusion

Section XVIII. Palliative Care

Chapter 61. Palliative Care to Neurological and Neurosurgical Patients

Introduction

Chapter 62. Quality of Life and Health-Related Issues

Introduction
Quality of Life and Health-Related Quality of Life
Utility of Health-Related Quality of Life
Tools for Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life
Uses of Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life
Health-Related Quality of Life in Relation to Neurosurgical/Neurological Conditions
Conclusion

Section XIX. Biostatistics

Chapter 63. Biostatistics